ABSTRACT
Gancao Fuzitang originates from the Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases （《伤寒杂病论》） and is mainly used to treat pain in the bones and joints and symptoms such as no flexion or extension. It has the effect of tonifying the spleen and kidney and removing dampness and turbidity， so it is widely used in the clinical treatment of various bone and joint diseases. This article reviewed the clinical research and mechanism of Gancao Fuzitang in the treatment of bone and joint diseases. The research has found that this prescription has good efficacy in treating bone and joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis， rheumatoid arthritis， ankylosing spondylitis， gout， and intervertebral disc herniation. Its mechanism of action may be related to regulating the level of inflammatory factors， antioxidation， and the protein expression of inflammatory and apoptotic cell-related pathways， improving bone and joint diseases， and alleviating related symptoms. This study can provide a reference for further deepening the research on the prevention and treatment of bone and joint diseases with Gancao Fuzitang.
ABSTRACT
Acute pancreatitis （AP） is a common clinical acute abdominal disease， which is characterized by acute onset， rapid development， severe disease， many complications， and high mortality rate. It can progress to severe AP （SAP） if not treated promptly in the early stage. The pathogenesis of AP is complex and involves multiple cellular and molecular levels. It is now clear that oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species （ROS） production are involved in the physiopathological process of AP， which is associated with a low quantity and activity of antioxidant enzymes in pancreatic cells. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 （Nrf2） serves as the ''golden key'' to maintain redox homeostasis in tissue cells and constitutes an important signaling pathway for antioxidant response and inflammation in vivo by collaborating with downstream antioxidant enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1）. Traditional Chinese medicine has unique efficacy in treating diseases due to its multi-component， multi-target， multi-drug delivery， and multi-formulation characteristics. Based on the concept of synergy between traditional Chinese and Western medicine， traditional Chinese medicine is becoming a new craze in the treatment of AP. The level of oxidative stress and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in AP pancreatic tissue are in a dynamic change process， and the intervention of traditional Chinese medicine can clean ROS production， affect the inflammatory pathway， and reduce oxidative stress damage， so as to protect against pancreatic injury. This suggests that this pathway plays an important role in AP. This article reviews the recent literature on the regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway by traditional Chinese medicine for AP and summarizes that the monomers of traditional Chinese medicine targeting this pathway are mainly heat-clearing and detoxifying， blood-activating and blood-stasis-removing， and Qi benefiting and middle warming， and the compounds of traditional Chinese medicine include Yinchenhao Decoction and QingYi Ⅱ， so as to provide a new direction for the prevention and treatment of AP and further drug development.
ABSTRACT
Dilated cardiomyopathy （DCM） is characterized by the main pathological changes of global cardiac enlargement， especially left ventricular enlargement. Clinical manifestations include decreased heart function， arrhythmia， thromboembolism， and even sudden death. It is one of the refractory cardiovascular diseases. Conservative drug treatment is still the main approach in clinical practice， but due to its unavoidable side effects such as low blood pressure， it is often difficult to achieve a satisfactory prognosis. The combination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine can effectively improve side effects and enhance efficacy. The research has found that nuclear transcription factors-κB （NF-κB）， adenylate activated protein kinase （AMPK）/mammalian rapamycin target protein （mTOR）， transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β）/Smads， Toll like receptors （TLR） 4/c-Jun amino terminal kinase （JNK）， mitogen activated protein kinase （MAPK）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase （Akt）， and other signaling pathways play a crucial regulatory role in the occurrence and development of DCM. Traditional Chinese medicine can improve myocardial fibrosis， reverse ventricular remodeling， alleviate oxidative stress， and achieve anti-inflammatory and other effects by regulating the above signaling pathways， thus improving DCM. Due to its multi-target and multi-mechanism characteristics， it has the advantages of high safety and good tolerance and has become an important part of current clinical treatment.
ABSTRACT
Atherosclerosis （AS） is a chronic inflammatory pathological process in which lipid and/or fibrous substances are deposited in the intima of arteries， and it is one of the pathological bases of many cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum stress （ERS） is a protective mechanism of cell adaptation. Moderate ERS can reduce abnormal protein aggregation and increase the degradation of misfolded proteins to repair and stabilize the internal environment， while excessive ERS can cause unfolded protein reaction， activate inflammation， oxidative stress， apoptosis， autophagy， and other downstream pathways， and lead to cell damage， or even apoptosis. A large number of studies have shown that ERS mediates a variety of pathological processes related to AS， affects endothelial cells， smooth muscle cells， macrophages， endothelial progenitor cells， and other cell components closely related to its occurrence and development， influences the progress of AS by regulating cell function， and promotes the formation of AS plaque， the transformation of stable plaque to unstable plaque， and the rupture of unstable plaque. Regulation of ERS may be a key target for the prevention and treatment of AS， and it is a research hotspot at present. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） believes that the origin of AS is the imbalance of Yin and Yang， the disharmony of Zangfu organs， and the abnormal operation of Qi， blood， and body fluid， which leads to the accumulation of phlegm， blood stasis， and other pathological products in the pulse channels， making the blood flow blocked or misfunction and causing the disease， which belongs to the syndrome of deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality. As the pathogenesis of AS is complex， and the symptoms are diverse， TCM has significant advantages in treating AS because of its multiple targets， multiple pathways， stable efficacy， strong individualization， and high safety. This paper systematically elaborated on the role of ERS in the occurrence and development of AS and summarized the mechanism research on the regulation and control of ERS by Chinese herbal monomer， Chinese herbal extract， Chinese herbal compound， and proprietary medicine， so as to provide a theoretical basis for clinical research and drug development in the prevention and treatment of AS.
ABSTRACT
Diabetic kidney disease （DKD） is a common microvascular complication of diabetics mellitus （DM） and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease （ESRD）. Renal interstitial fibrosis （RIF） is the primary pathological basis for DKD progression to ESRD， which significantly increases the mortality rate of DKD patients and burdens patients and society， and it is thus a clinical problem that needs to be solved urgently. The pathogenesis of RIF is complex and mainly associated with excessive deposition of extracellular matrix （ECM）， epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT）， oxidative stress， inflammation， and autophagy. Multiple signaling pathways such as transforming growth factor-β1/Smad （TGF-β1/Smad）， nuclear transcription factor-κB （NF-κB）， p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （p38 MAPK）， secretory glycoprotein/β-catenin （Wnt/β-catenin）， mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）， Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription （JAK/STAT）， neurogenic site-gap homologous protein （Notch）， and nuclear factor E2-associated factor 2 （Nrf2） mediate the development of RIF， which are currently novel targets for DKD therapy. Due to the complexity of its pathogenesis， the current Western medical treatment mainly focuses on essential treatment to improve metabolism， which has poor efficacy and is difficult to prevent the progression of DKD， so it is significant to find new treatment methods clinically. In recent years， many studies have proved that traditional Chinese medicine can alleviate oxidative stress， inhibit inflammatory response， and regulate cellular autophagy by modulating relevant signaling pathways， so as to treat RIF in DKD， which has the advantages of multi-pathway， multi-targeting， multi-linking， and significant therapeutic efficacy. However， there is still a lack of relevant summary. By reviewing the latest research reports in China and abroad， this article examines the roles of the signaling pathways mentioned above in the occurrence and development of RIF in DKD and the recent research progress in the intervention of RIF in DKD by traditional Chinese medicine via these pathways， aiming to provide new ideas and references for further scientific research and clinical practice.
ABSTRACT
Cough variant asthma （CVA） is a chronic respiratory disease with cough as its main symptom. The occurrence of CVA is closely related to non-specific airway inflammation， and its pathogenesis involves environmental， genetic， immune， and other factors. In recent years， the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in the treatment of CVA have attracted the attention of experts and scholars in China and abroad， especially its prominent role in regulating immune balance， relieving cough symptoms in CVA patients， and reducing recurrence. T Helper cells 1 （Th1）， T helper cells 2 （Th2）， T helper cells 17 （Th17）， and regulatory T cells （Treg） are derived from CD4+ T cells. Immune imbalance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg is a new hotspot in the pathogenesis of CVA and a potential key target in the treatment of CVA by TCM. Th cell subsets are in dynamic balance under physiological conditions， maintaining respiratory immune homeostasis in which pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines are balanced. Immature helper T cells （Th0） can be differentiated into Th1， Th2， Th17， Treg， and other cell subsets due to cytokine types in the microenvironment in the stage of CVA maturation. The proliferation of Th2 cells leads to eosinophilic airway inflammation. Excessive differentiation of Th17 cells induces neutrophil airway inflammation. Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cells are mutually restricted in number and function， and the immune imbalance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg is easy to aggravate the generation of inflammatory response. Restoring immune balance is particularly important for the airway anti-inflammatory therapy of CVA. In this paper， the imbalance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg and the pathogenesis of CVA were systematically expounded. Meanwhile， the latest research on the regulation of immune imbalance by TCM compound， single TCM， and its effective ingredients in the treatment of CVA was reviewed. It provides ideas and references for revealing the scientific connotation of TCM regulating immune balance therapy of CVA， as well as the development of clinical treatment and basic research of CVA.
ABSTRACT
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） is one of the most common chronic diseases of the respiratory system in the clinic. The disease has a long course and is difficult to cure， which seriously threatens human health. Airway mucus hypersecretion （AMH） is an independent risk factor for COPD and has a significant impact on the development and prognosis of the disease. The review finds that the abnormal proliferation of goblet cells and the excessive secretion of mucin are the direct causes of AMH. The pathogenesis of AMH may be closely related to the inhalation of heterogeneous particles， airway inflammation， the imbalance of mucin/water salt ratio， and the regulation of related signaling pathways. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） believes that AMH of COPD belongs to the category of lung distension with phlegm-fluid retention syndrome， and the disease is mainly treated from phlegm on the basis of lung distension. This article summarizes the relevant research in the field of TCM in recent years and finds that the single TCM that effectively intervened AMH of COPD is mainly phlegm-resolving TCM， and the main active ingredients of TCM are flavonoids， terpenoids， phenols， and alkaloids. The main TCM compounds are mainly designed to remove heat-phlegm， warmly resolve cold-phlegm， dry dampness to eliminate phlegm， invigorate Qi， promote blood circulation and dispel phlegm， and invigorate lung， spleen， and kidney. Its mechanism of action may be direct inhibition or indirect inhibition of airway epithelial goblet cell metaplasia and mucin expression by inhibiting airway inflammation， regulating aquaporins to correct the imbalance of mucin/water salt ratio， and regulating signaling pathways， so as to reduce mucus oversecretion in COPD. However， there are still some problems. For example， the research mainly focuses on TCM compounds instead of the single TCM or its effective components. The research on the mechanism of action is not thorough enough， and the research results are not interoperable. The clinical transformation rate of basic research is insufficient. This article systematically reviews the research status of AMH in the treatment of COPD with TCM and puts forward some thoughts on the existing problems， so as to provide a reference for clinical rational medication and in-depth research.
ABSTRACT
With the change in environmental pollution and lifestyle， the incidence and mortality of cancer are increasing year by year， which is a serious threat to human life and health. Autophagy is a process in which eukaryotic cells use lysosomes to degrade cytoplasmic proteins and damaged organelles under the regulation of autophagy-related genes. It plays a dynamic inhibiting or promoting role in the occurrence and development of cancer and is involved in the regulation of tumor formation， proliferation， metastasis， and response to anticancer therapy. With the deepening of the research on the mechanism of cancer， a variety of cancer treatment methods have been established， such as chemotherapy， radiotherapy， surgery， immunotherapy， and gene therapy. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of autophagy has been shown to enhance the lethal effect of various anticancer treatments on tumor cells， suggesting that inhibition of autophagy is an effective sensitization strategy in cancer therapy. Meanwhile， over-stimulation of autophagy may also provide a new method for the treatment of drug-resistant cancer cells with high apoptotic thresholds. As a treasure of Chinese culture， traditional Chinese medicine plays an important role in the adjuvant treatment of cancer with its advantages of multi-target， multi-pathway， and small side effects. In recent years， many positive results have been achieved in the study of natural autophagy regulatory factors of traditional Chinese medicine in cancer， and they have been widely verified in different autophagy regulatory models. This article outlines the mechanism of autophagy， summarizes the dual regulatory role of autophagy in tumor biology， and collects relevant studies published in the databases of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI） and Wanfang Data for nearly 10 years that affect the role of tumorigenesis and development by regulating autophagy. The article also collates autophagy rules of tumor cells induced by traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients， so as to provide a certain reference for the research on the development and application of anti-tumor drugs.
ABSTRACT
Parkinson's disease （PD） is a kind of chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease that has a high prevalence rate in recent years， especially in the elderly. PD belongs to the category of "tremor disease" and "tremor" in traditional Chinese medicine， and Tianma Goutengyin is a classic prescription contained in the Synopsis of The New Significance of Patterns and Treatment in Miscellaneous Diseases（《中医内科杂病证治新义》）. This article explored the theory of Tianma Goutengyin in the treatment of PD， and based on network pharmacological research， the article summarized relevant research on Tianma Goutengyin and its single herb in the treatment of PD. Moreover， it discussed the clinical applications and mechanisms of Tianma Goutengyin and its single herb in the treatment of PD. It is found that the mechanisms of Tianma Goutengyin in treating PD may be related to resisting oxidative stress， inhibiting inflammatory response， regulating neurotransmitters， and protecting dopamine （DA） neurons. Besides， the main components of the single herb in Tianma Goutengyin for treating PD are gastrodin， rhynchophylline， geniposide， gardenial alcohol， eucommitol glycoside， motherwort alkaloid， baicalin， pachyman， and achyranthes bidentata sterol. They can improve the related symptoms of PD patients by inhibiting inflammatory response， resisting oxidative stress， affecting calcium ion concentration， restoring mitochondrial function， and and protecting DA neurons. This article summarized the research progress of Tianma Goutengyin and its single herb in treating PD， so as to provide a reference for the prescription and medication of Tianma Goutengyin in the treatment of PD and subsequent research on the mechanisms of Tianma Goutengyin and its single herb in the treatment of PD and give play to the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of PD.
ABSTRACT
Esophageal cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract. At present， the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer has not been fully clarified. Although surgery， radiotherapy， chemotherapy， targeted therapy， and immunotherapy have achieved good clinical results in the treatment of esophageal cancer， there are still many complications and severe adverse reactions. As an important part of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， in recent years， many basic experiments and clinical studies have proved that Chinese medicine has a good effect in treating esophageal cancer. At the same time， the multi-component and multi-target characteristics of Chinese medicine and unclear pathogenesis of esophageal cancer determine that there are some problems such as unclear mechanisms of Chinese medicine in preventing and treating esophageal cancer. It is necessary to start with modern medicine and reveal the mechanism of Chinese medicine in preventing and treating diseases from the aspects of molecular biology and network pharmacology. It is believed in TCM that the occurrence of esophageal cancer is mostly attributed to stagnation of liver Qi， phlegm stasis and Qi stagnation， fluid consumption and heat accumulation， the decline of healthy Qi， and the cementation of cancer toxicity. According to the literature review， Chinese medicinal compounds mainly include tonic formulae （such as Liu Junzitang）， drying and moistening formulas （such as Qigesan）， and heat-clearing formulas （such as Fufang Kushen injection）. Chinese medicinal monomers mainly include drugs potent in attacking poison and killing insects， clearing heat， activating blood and resolving stasis， and regulating Qi， which is consistent with the etiology and pathogenesis of esophageal cancer in TCM. It is also found that Chinese medicine can promote cell apoptosis and autophagy， block cell cycle， and reverse cell resistance by regulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt）， neurogenic locus notch homolog protein （Notch）， Wnt/β-catenin， mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）， nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）， Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （JAK2/STAT3）， and other related signaling pathways， but there is no systematic summary. This study systematically summarized the relevant signaling pathways of Chinese medicine in regulating esophageal cancer， which is helpful to clarify the relevant mechanisms of Chinese medicine in the process of esophageal cancer occurrence， development， invasion， and metastasis， so as to provide new targets and new perspectives for the treatment of esophageal cancer and promote the modernization of TCM.
ABSTRACT
Osteoarthritis （OA） is a common chronic， highly prevalent， painful， and disabling degenerative joint disease. It has imposed a heavy burden on social healthcare and patients' psychology and economy due to its clinical symptoms such as impaired joint mobility and severe joint pain and the immature therapies. Studies have shown that OA is closely associated with articular cartilage dysfunction， synthesis and degradation disorders of chondrocyte extracellular matrix （ECM）， and joint inflammation. Moderate autophagy can restore the function of damaged chondrocytes， regulate chondrocyte apoptosis， and promote the synthesis and metabolism of ECM to alleviate the inflammation of joints and delay the onset and progression of OA. According to the clinical symptoms， OA can be classified into the category of impediment in traditional Chinese medicine. With the theories of holistic conception， treatment based on syndrome differentiation， and individualised diagnosis and treatment， traditional Chinese medicine has demonstrated definite effects in the treatment of OA in thousands of years of practice. Moreover， traditional Chinese medicine causes mild adverse reactions， and the patients have high tolerance and acceptance. This paper briefly explains the roles of autophagy and the related regulatory proteins， such as Unc-51-like autophagy-activated kinase 1 （ULK1）， Beclin-1， and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 （LC3）， and details the latest research achievements in the prevention and control of OA by traditional Chinese medicines and its related markers via the regulation of autophagy， so as to provide a idea for the in-depth research in this field and the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine in preventing and treating OA.
ABSTRACT
Inflammatory bowel disease （IBD）， consisting of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease， is a chronic relapsing inflammatory gastrointestinal disease closely associated with immune dysfunction. The pathogenesis of IBD is closely related to genetic susceptibility， immune system dysfunction， environmental change， and intestinal microbial dysbiosis. Modern research has found that macrophage polarization plays an important role in the development of IBD and can affect the level of inflammatory response， intestinal mucosal repair， and intestinal microbial balance， making it a potential target for IBD treatment. Increasing evidence suggests that traditional Chinese medicine and its active components can regulate macrophage polarization through multiple pathways and balance the M1/M2 macrophage ratio， thus inhibiting inflammatory response， promoting intestinal mucosal repair， and slowing down the progression of IBD. This article summarized the biological processes and targets involved in macrophage polarization and discussed its impact on IBD. It also provided a brief overview of the latest research on how traditional Chinese medicine and its active components can improve IBD by regulating macrophage polarization， so as to provide new directions and strategies for the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine in IBD treatment.
ABSTRACT
Reflux esophagitis is an inflammatory disease of esophageal mucosa damage caused by the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. Its incidence is on the rise， and it has become an important precancerous disease of esophageal cancer. Studies have shown that the continuous inflammatory response stimulates the esophageal mucosa， causing abnormal proliferation of esophageal epithelial cells and damage to esophageal mucosal tissue， which eventually leads to the occurrence of heterogeneous hyperplasia and even carcinogenesis. The nuclear transcription factor-kappa B （NF-κB） signaling pathway is one of the most classical inflammatory and cancer signaling pathways. It has been found that abnormal activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway is crucial to the development and prognosis of reflux esophagitis and esophageal cancer. It is widely involved in the proliferation， autophagy， apoptosis， and inflammatory response of esophageal epithelial cells and tumor cells， accelerating the transformation of reflux esophagitis to esophageal cancer and making it a potential target for the treatment of reflux esophagitis and esophageal cancer. Currently， there is no specific treatment for reflux esophagitis and esophageal cancer， and large side effects often appear. Therefore， finding a promising and safe drug remains a top priority. In recent years， traditional Chinese medicine scholars have conducted a lot of research on NF-κB signaling pathway， and the results indicate that NF-κB signaling pathway is an important potential target for traditional Chinese medicine to prevent and treat reflux esophagitis and esophageal cancer， but there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic elaboration. Therefore， this paper summarized the relevant studies in recent years， analyzed the relationship among NF-κB signaling pathway， reflux esophagitis， esophageal cancer， and transformation from inflammation to cancer， and reviewed the research literature on the regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in traditional Chinese medicine to prevent and treat reflux esophagitis and esophageal cancer， so as to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of reflux esophagitis and esophageal cancer.
ABSTRACT
Tripterygium wilfordii is widely used in the treatment of immune system disease and has a remarkable curative effect. Triptolide and Tripterygium glycosides are the most commonly used active ingredients in clinical practice， but their treatment window is narrow and there are many side effects. The damage involves the reproductive system， blood system， cardiovascular system， digestive system， etc. Based on clinical observations and literature summaries， the symptoms of adverse reactions mostly occur in the digestive system （liver and gastrointestinal tract）. Relevant scholars have launched a lot of studies of the manifestations of liver injury induced by T. wilfordii and the mechanism of liver injury. The mechanism is mainly related to liver cell apoptosis， induction of oxidative stress， immune injury， excessive autophagy of liver cells， abnormal fatty acid metabolism， and abnormal enzyme metabolism in liver tissues. This article reviewed and summarized relevant literature on gastrointestinal injury caused by T. wilfordii， but there are few studies on the manifestations and mechanisms of adverse reactions， which still need further research by scholars. In addition， this article also summarized the research on how to reduce toxicity and enhance efficacy of prescriptions prepared from T. wilfordii in the digestive system， mainly involving compatibility with western medicines （Methotrexate， Leflunomide， Iguratimod， etc.）， use along or combination with Chinese medicines （single Chinese medicine， Chinese medicine monomers， and Chinese medicine compounds）， acupuncture and moxibustion （electroacupuncture and moxibustion）， dosage form improvement （glycol plastid gel， self-dissolving microneedle， solid lipid nanoparticles， gastric floating sustained-release capsules， etc.）， processing （steaming， stir-frying， radish seed processing， money grass processing， licorice processing， etc.）， and other methods to reduce toxicity. To sum up， this article analyzed the manifestations， mechanisms， and methods of reducing toxicity and enhancing efficacy of T. wilfordii-induced liver injury and gastrointestinal injury by sorting out relevant literature， in order to provide a reference for the clinical application of T. wilfordii and some research ideas for the future in-depth study of T. wilfordii-induced digestive system injury.
ABSTRACT
Gout is a metabolic disease closely associated with hyperuricemia and urate deposition. Because of the complex pathogenesis， high morbidity， multiple complications， and increasingly young patients， gout has received worldwide attention. Currently， western medicine mainly treats gout by lowering the uric acid level and reducing inflammation， which， however， causes serious adverse reactions and has contraindications. Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex （PCC） is the dried bark of Phellodendron chinense， with the effects of clearing heat， drying dampness， purging fire， detoxifying， and treating sores. Studies have shown that PCC and its active components have anti-inflammatory， pain-relieving， uric acid-lowering， and anti-gout activities， with extensive sources and high safety. PCC and its active components could prevent and treat gout through multi-targets and multi-pathways， whereas the systematic review remains to be carried out. Therefore， this paper summarized the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of PCC and its active components in the treatment of gout. The available studies have shown that PCC and its active components exert the anti-gout effect by lowering the uric acid level， reducing inflammation， alleviating oxidative stress， and regulationg intestinal flora， and protecting the kidneys. Particularly， the active components represented by alkaloids contribute obviously to the therapeutic effect of of PCC. Herein， we analyzed the problems and future development of the research on PCC， aiming to provide theoretical support and a scientific basis for the research and development of new drugs against gout.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Este ensayo inicia con un aforismo sobre la educación: «forjadora de las fuerzas liberadoras hacia el progreso de la condición humana¼, en su connotación espiritual, intelectual, moral y convivencial en armonía con el ecosistema planetario (progreso dignificante). Se realza la coincidencia de las mayores cotas históricas de educación profesional con la extrema degradación de la cultura occidental, reveladora del papel de la educación que favorece la pasividad ante el conocimiento y el orden imperante. Se contrastan los caracteres de la educación pasiva con los de la participativa basada en el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico. Se define el pensamiento crítico y se argumenta el tipo de ambiente educativo que lo estimula y encauza, en particular, el pensamiento complejo e integrador alusivo al sí mismo proyectado al quiénes somos y dónde estamos, ignorado por la ciencia reduccionista. Se especifican el conocimiento liberador y su finalidad: «entendernos como humanidad fraterna y encontrar nuestro lugar en armonía con el concierto infinitamente diverso del mundo viviente¼. Se sintetizan las revoluciones teóricas -hoy desestimadas-, simientes del conocimiento liberador que develaron al antropocentrismo y a los etnocentrismos como «prisiones del espíritu¼. Se concluye que el conocimiento liberador cumple el papel utópico de orientar y señalizar el caminar interminable hacia el progreso dignificante.
Abstract This essay begins with an aphorism on education: "forger of the liberating forces towards the progress of the human condition", in its spiritual, intellectual, moral and convivial connotation in harmony with the planetary ecosystem (dignifying progress). It highlights the coincidence of the highest historical levels of professional education with the extreme degradation of Western culture, which reveals the role of education that favors passivity in the face of knowledge and the prevailing order. The characteristics of passive education are contrasted with those of participatory education based on the development of critical thinking. Critical thinking is defined and the type of educational environment that stimulates and channels it is argued, in particular the complex and integrative thinking alluding to the self projected to who we are and where we are, absent in reductionist science. Liberating knowledge is specified and its purpose defined as "to understand ourselves as fraternal humanity and to find our place in harmony with the infinitely diverse concert of the living world". The theoretical revolutions -now dismissed- being seeds of liberating knowledge that revealed anthropocentrism and ethnocentrisms as "prisons of the spirit" are synthesized. It is concluded that liberating knowledge fulfills the utopian role of signaling the endless walking towards dignifying human progress.
ABSTRACT
As a special mode of tumor metastasis, perineural invasion has been paid more and more attention. It is closely related to prognosis, recurrence and metastasis of tumor after surgery. As the most common malignancy of the biliary tract, perineural invasion is also an inde-pendent prognostic risk factor for gallbladder cancer due to its anatomical location, lymphatic reflux, blood perfusion and innervation. However, there are few studies on perineural invasion in gallbla-dder cancer, especially on its mechanism. By analyzing the general situation and recent progress of perineural invasion in gallbladder cancer, the authors mainly introduce the perineural invasion mechanism, perineural invasion rate of gallbladder cancer, relationship between perineural invasion and the clinical pathologic characteristic, the correlation with the prognosis, relationship with surgi-cal procedures and postoperative adjuvant therapy.
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Biliary tract cancer is a highly lethal disease composed of diverse epithelial tumors, of which incidence is increasing. Nearly two-thirds of patients with biliary tract cancer are in local advanced stage or metastasized at diagnosis. Systemic therapies are the primary treat-ment options, but the prognosis is poor. In recent years, the emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors has changed the treatment prospects for advanced solid tumors, and multiple clinical trials and related studies have been conducted worldwide. Based on clinical experiences and pertinent researches in the field, the authors expound upon the research progress in immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment of advanced biliary tract cancer.
ABSTRACT
The liver is a highly proliferative organ. As the liver injured, the hepatocytes can quickly enter the cell cycle to restore the volume and function of liver. Liver regeneration involves complex processes that depend on the interaction of many different cell types. As limited by the average cell change level in tissues, traditional sequencing methods can only acquire the average genetic information reflecting dominant cell subpopulations, but ignore the secondary cell subpopu-lations, which leads to the loss of cellular heterogeneity information. Single-cell sequencing tech-nology can analyze the biological behavior of single cell, which helps to better understand the distri-bution, interaction and cell heterogeneity of different cells during liver regeneration. The authors review the application of single cell sequencing technology in liver regeneration.
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This paper introduces the concepts related to sexual health and sexual health care, summarizes the contents, application scope and limitations of sexual health care assessment tools for oncology nurses at home and abroad, analyzes the problems existing in the assessment tools and puts forward suggestions, aiming at providing theoretical reference for the localization development of sexual health care assessment tools and the development of sexual health care.